In this section, we provide the vector geometry concepts strictly necessary for understanding the following sections. For more detailed information, please consult books on linear algebra and analytic ...

uses least squares method to estimate the normal vector of a poitncloud. All points are used for estimation. However, there might exist some outliers. Some robust method, such as RANSAC, may be ...

Institute of Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Academy of Science, Pyonyang, The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Vector data is used extensively in geographic information systems (GIS) to ...